Outbreak Of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Research Articles

Relation between the Pandemic COVID-19 and the outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq, 2023

Objective: This review examines the link between the COVID-19 pandemic and the outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Iraq. Methods: We reviewed literature and data to explore potential associations between the two diseases. Results: No direct causative link between COVID-19 and increased CCHF cases in Iraq was found. However, changes in healthcare,agriculture, and human-animal interactions during the pandemic may have indirectly affected CCHF transmission. Conclusion: This review highlights the need for further research to confirm any connections between the COVID-19 pandemic and CCHFoutbreaks in Iraq. Understanding these links is crucial for effective public health responses to emerging infectious diseases.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Diversity and Reassortment, Pakistan, 2017-2020.

Sporadic cases and outbreaks of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) have been documented across Pakistan since 1976; however, data regarding the diversity of CCHF virus (CCHFV) in Pakistan is sparse. We whole-genome sequenced 36 CCHFV samples collected from persons infected in Pakistan during 2017-2020. Most CCHF cases were from Rawalpindi (n = 10), followed by Peshawar (n = 7) and Islamabad (n = 4). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the Asia-1 genotype was dominant, but 4 reassorted strains were identified. Strains with reassorted medium gene segments clustered with Asia-2 (n = 2) and Africa-2 (n = 1) genotypes; small segment reassortments clustered with the Asia-2 genotype (n = 2). Reassorted viruses showed close identity with isolates from India, Iran, and Tajikistan, suggesting potential crossborder movement of CCHFV. Improved and continuous human, tick, and animal surveillance is needed to define the diversity of circulating CCHFV strains in Pakistan and prevent transmission.

The Outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Al-Hsseiniya District /Karbala province in Iraq: A control strategy

The Outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Al-Hsseiniya District /Karbala province in Iraq: A control strategy

Another Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda: Ongoing challenges with prevention, detection, and response

ObjectivesTo highlight the challenges associated with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) prevention, detection, and response in Uganda. MethodsWe describe a single confirmed CCHF case in Rakai District in 2022. We reviewed medical records and conducted interviews on the case patient’s history and possible exposures. To understand CCHF prevention and response efforts, we conducted key informant interviews with the district health and veterinary officers and focus group discussions with farmers in the affected village. ResultsAn 18-year-old Rakai District resident had fever onset on July 5, 2022. Despite hemorrhaging during hospital admission on July 6, a viral hemorrhagic fever was not suspected for 24 h and appropriate personal protective equipment was not used. A blood sample was collected for viral hemorrhagic fever testing on July 8; however, the patient was discharged before receiving results. The case patient tested positive for CCHF on July 12 and was readmitted. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions indicated poor tick control measures in the district. The district lacked a formal One Health team and experienced challenges with coordination for outbreak response. ConclusionsCCHF prevention, detection, and response face challenges in Uganda and require strong clinical awareness for quick detection, collaboration between animal and human health stakeholders, and implementation of effective tick control measures.

2070. Outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Kyzylorda region, Kazakhstan, March-July 2022

Abstract Background Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral tick-borne disease with a high mortality rate. It is endemic in Kazakhstan. The Kyzylorda region reported higher-than-expected cases from March to July 2022 (15 compared to 10 in the previous year). We conducted an investigation to identify additional cases, determine risk factors, and assess CCHF knowledge and practices. Methods We conducted a case-control study in July 2022. We defined cases as PCR-confirmed or hospitalized with CCHF symptoms. The control group was made up of regional contacts including neighbors and household members at a 1:2 ratio. We reviewed medical records from April to July. We conducted face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires. Blood collected from the control group was tested with PCR and ELISA for detection of IgM and IgG antibodies. We also collected ticks from domestic animals for PCR-testing. We used logistic regression to assess factors associated with CCHF. Results We identified 38 cases (n=15 confirmed, n=7 probable and n=16 suspected cases) and 71 controls. Cases were mostly male (74%) with mean age of 45 (range 17-81); 27% died. Top patient symptoms (n=38) were weakness (100%), headache (97%), fever (84%) and loss of appetite (55%). Risk factors for CCHF were being male (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 5.5, CI: 2.3-13.1), animal husbandry (3.1, 1.3-7.2), crop production (4.0, 1.5-10.5), tick contact (262.5, CI: 31.4-2192.2), tick bite (70.0, 8.8-556.9), contact with tick blood (18.7, 2.2-155.9), ticks on the body or clothing (77.8, 9.8-618.9) and having been in places with high tick risk (15.1, CI: 4.6-49.7). The control group were more likely to have awareness of CCHF, know that they can protect themselves from CCHF, refrained from visiting forests and rural areas, used repellents, and taken protective measures to reduce ticks in domestic animals. Of 55 controls tested: one was IgG positive. Of 163 ticks tested, one was PCR-positive. Conclusion Exposure to activities that are high risk for exposure to ticks increased odds of CCHF. Improved awareness of prevention to exposure from ticks, CCHF associated risk factors, and the importance of seeking early treatment is needed. This can be achieved by increasing population awareness and educating medical providers. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Alarming update on incidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq in 2023

ObjectivesIn 2021, large outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was reported in Iraq and cases have increased without any significant control measures. To raise awareness about the increasing cases in different regions of Iraq, hence remind the necessity to tackle contributing factors and potential outbreak interventions. MethodsThe study included 511 polymerase chain reaction-confirmed CCHF infection cases out of 1827 suspected cases from 18 Provinces from January to August 2023. Approval from the Ministry of Health for data analyzed. ResultsOut of 1827 suspected cases, 511 were confirmed positive by polymerase chain reaction. The total case fatality rate (CFR) was 12.7 with varying severity levels among provinces. Erbil had the highest CFR, 38.5, while Sulaimaniya and Anbar report no deaths. Independent t-test showed a significant difference in CFR between provinces west and south of Baghdad compared to north (P <0.05). Trend showed significant surges after Iftar and Adha holidays. ConclusionDifferences in CFR among provinces around the religious ceremonies, highlight the need for one public health intervention strategy. Increased temperatures affected vector behavior. Uncontrolled animal movement with neighboring countries is an important factor. Virus or host determinants can shape the clinical case outcomes, which need clinical and extensive laboratory studies to unravel the reasons leading to death.

Seroepidemiological investigation of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in livestock in Uganda, 2017.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an important zoonotic disease transmitted to humans both by tick vectors and contact with fluids from an infected animal or human. Although animals are not symptomatic when infected, they are the main source of human infection. Uganda has reported sporadic human outbreaks of CCHF in various parts of the country since 2013. We designed a nationwide epidemiological study to investigate the burden of CCHF in livestock. A total of 3181 animals were sampled; 1732 cattle (54.4%), 1091 goats (34.3%), and 358 sheep (11.3%) resulting in overall livestock seropositivity of IgG antibodies against CCHF virus (CCHFV) of 31.4% (999/3181). Seropositivity in cattle was 16.9% and in sheep and goats was 48.8%. Adult and juvenile animals had higher seropositivity compared to recently born animals, and seropositivity was higher in female animals (33.5%) compared to male animals (24.1%). Local breeds had higher (36.8%) compared to exotic (2.8%) and cross breeds (19.3%). Animals that had a history of abortion or stillbirth had higher seropositivity compared to those without a history of abortion or stillbirth. CCHFV seropositivity appeared to be generally higher in northern districts of the country, though spatial trends among sampled districts were not examined. A multivariate regression analysis using a generalized linear mixed model showed that animal species, age, sex, region, and elevation were all significantly associated with CCHFV seropositivity after adjusting for the effects of other model predictors. This study shows that CCHFV is actively circulating in Uganda, posing a serious risk for human infection. The results from this study can be used to help target surveillance efforts for early case detection in animals and limit subsequent spillover into humans.

Recent concern about the outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: virology, etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, transmission, diagnostics, and treatment.

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh This manuscript has been peer reviewed. Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article. Published online ■ ■ *Corresponding author. Address: Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh. Tel: +8801730-627585; E-mail address: [email protected] (Md. M. Rhaman). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Environmental Analysis of Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq Using Machine Learning

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral disease with rising prevalence in Iraq. This research focused on investigating factors influencing CCHF spread in Dhi Qar Governorate, which has seen a substantial surge in cases. The problem was to uncover which environmental and climatic factors correlate with CCHF outbreaks. Meteorological data, rodent populations, vegetation indices, and epidemiological records were analyzed using data preprocessing techniques like interpolation and ARIMA modeling. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to quantify associations between CCHF cases and factors like temperature, humidity, rodent prevalence, and vegetation lushness. Results showed strong positive correlations of CCHF with rodent populations, temperature, solar radiation, and evapotranspiration. Negative correlations were found with humidity and vegetation health. The conclusions indicate environmental factors significantly influence CCHF outbreaks in Dhi Qar. This can inform prevention strategies targeting ecological and climatic drivers of the disease.

Quantifying the influence of climate, host and change in land-use patterns on occurrence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) and development of spatial risk map for India

Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), is an emerging zoonosis globally and in India. The present study focused on identifying the risk factors for occurrence of CCHF in the Indian state of Gujarat and development of risk map for India. The past CCHF outbreaks in India were collated for the analyses. Influence of land use change and climatic factors in determining the occurrence of CCHF in Gujarat was assessed using Bayesian spatial models. Change in maximum temperature in affected districts was analysed to identify the significant change points over 110 years. Risk map was developed for Gujarat using Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) model with remotely sensed environmental variables and host (livestock and human) factors. We found the change in land use patterns and maximum temperature in affected districts to be contributing to the occurrence of CCHF in Gujarat. Spatial risk map developed using CCHF occurrence data for Gujarat identified density of buffalo, minimum land surface temperature and elevation as risk determinants. Further, spatial risk map for the occurrence of CCHF in India was developed using selected variables. Overall, we found that combination of factors such as change in land-use patterns, maximum temperature, buffalo density, day time minimum land surface temperature and elevation led to the emergence and further spread of the disease in India. Mitigation measures for CCHF in India could be designed considering disease epidemiology and initiation of surveillance strategies based on the risk map developed in this study.

An Outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in South Africa in 2022

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a vector-borne disease caused by a tick-borne virus (Nairovirus) of the Bunyaviridae family. The onset of CCHF is sudden, with initial signs and symptoms including headache, high fever, back pain, joint pain, stomach pain, and vomiting. As the illness progresses, large areas of severe bruising, and bleeds can be seen, with case fatality as high as nine to 50%. This watching brief describes the Outbreak of CCHF in South Africa in 2022. There are 2 reported cases of CCHF in South Africa, in September 2022 with the case fatality rate (CFR) of 50%. Second case was laboratory confirmed on 10th September 2022. Although there are currently only two CCHF cases reported in South Africa, the unknown source is of concern and should be considered a warning signal for increased numbers in the future. For prevention, individuals must avoid contact with the blood and body fluids of livestock or humans who show symptoms of infection. Agricultural workers and others working with animals should use insect repellent containing DEET (N, N-diethyl-m- toluamide) on exposed skin and clothing for preventing tick bites. It is important for healthcare workers to use proper infection control precautions to prevent occupational exposure. There is no safe and effective vaccine currently available for human use. Treatment for CCHF is primarily supportive, and appropriate treatment of secondary infections.

Large outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Iraq, 2022

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is reported sporadically in Iraq. The lack of preventive veterinary activities during 2 years of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (2020 and 2021) led to the largest CCHF outbreak in Iraq since 1979. To describe the epidemiological characteristics of CCHF cases that occurred during the first half of 2022 in Iraq in terms of age, sex, residence, history of contact with another case, and history of contact with animals. This descriptive study included laboratory-confirmed cases of CCHF between 1st January 2022 and 26th June 2022. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe the demographic and epidemiologic criteria of the cases. The epidemic curve of the cases was used to describe the timing and duration of the outbreak. In total, there were 219 confirmed cases of CCHF from 1st January 2022 to 26th June 2022. The first confirmed case was reported in March 2022, and cases continued to occur through June 2022. The median age of the cases was 34.5 years. The majority of cases were male (n=130, 59.4%), had an unspecified job (n=126, 57.5%) and lived in southern Iraq (n=142, 64.8%). The first case was reported in week 10 of 2022. Case numbers peaked in week 24 (30 cases were reported), and subsequently declined in week 25 (24 cases were reported). The case fatality rate was 16.4%. The CCHF outbreak in 2022 was the largest in Iraq since the disease was first reported four decades ago. Identification of CCHF strains in Iraq is recommended, together with exploration of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of high-risk groups for CCHF, and a national survey of CCHF vectors in Iraq.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF): An Emerging Disease in Afghanistan

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) seems to be a severe viral infection that is spreading throughout Afghanistan. The first case of CCHF was recorded in March 1998 in Takhar province, located in the country’s north. And since then, multiple new cases and outbreaks have occurred over the years and continue to do so now. CCHF is a viral disease that is transmitted to humans mostly by hard tick bites or direct contact with the blood of infected animals. In Afghanistan, the prevalence of CCHF outbreaks has grown dramatically around Eid-ul-Adha. The primary symptom of this fatal disease is bleeding. There is no cure for CCHF at the moment, but the antiviral drug Ribavirin is used to treat it. This disease presently lacks a commercially accessible vaccine. The disease is recommended to be controlled through preventative measures such as Avoiding insect bites and coming into touch with the blood of a suspicious animal are just a few of the precautions that can be taken.

Evaluation of Nucleoprotein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Acute Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infections in a Turkish Population

Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes a highly contagious tick-borne disease with high case-fatality rates in humans. It is circulating not only in many Asian and African countries, but also spreading to and within Europe. To cope better with future outbreaks of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), the WHO has prioritized the need for the development and validation of CCHF diagnostics, including serological assays. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the new EUROIMMUN anti-CCHFV IgM and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Materials and Methods: Both ELISAs were compared to the Vector-Best VectoCrimean-CHF-IgM and -IgG ELISAs using the EUROIMMUN CCHFV Mosaic 2 IgM and IgG indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA) as reference. Forty-nine acute-phase serum samples from patients with CCHFV infection confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or anti-CCHFV IgM IFA positivity were used to determine assay sensitivity. The assessment of specificity was based on sera from 30 control patients, 30 healthy blood donors, and 29 patients with hantavirus or sandfly fever virus infections. All samples originated from Turkey. Results: Sensitivity of the EUROIMMUN ELISAs (IgM 98.0%, IgG 47.1%) exceeded that of the Vector-Best ELISAs (IgM 95.9%, IgG 35.3%). Specificity of the EUROIMMUN ELISA IgM (86.4%) was slightly higher compared with the Vector-Best ELISA IgM (84.7%), while specificity for IgG was 100% for both assays. Qualitative agreement between the EUROIMMUN and Vector-Best ELISAs was substantial for detecting anti-CCHFV IgM (84.1%, ĸ = 0.673) and IgG (94.9%, ĸ = 0.791), whereas the quantitative results indicated a very strong positive correlation (IgM: r = 0.868, IgG: r = 0.913). Conclusion: The new EUROIMMUN anti-CCHFV ELISAs are standardized and easy-to-use tools that reliably support the identification of acute CCHF cases, and thus suitable for laboratories involved in on-site outbreak support.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Pakistan, 2022: A warning bell amidst unprecedented floods and COVID 19 pandemic.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an infection caused by a tick-borne virus (genus: Nairovirus, family: Bunyaviridae). The most important vector for CCHF is the ixodid tick. Along with tick bite, direct contact with the virus-affected animal is responsible for its spread. Pakistan witnessed its first case of CCHF in 1976 and has been a major victim of CCHF for years, but spikes in cases are seen after Eid-ul-Adha, an Islamic festival involving the sacrifice of cattle. The disease, in particular, is common among butchers, veterinarians, and livestock workers. From the start of this year till June 22, 2022, a total of four cases have been reported across the country. Pakistan faces major challenges in combating CCHF every year due to its specific geographical position and a majority of the population being involved with animal husbandry. There is no approved vaccine for its prevention. All these factors contribute to the burden on the already weakened healthcare system of Pakistan. Strict actions should be taken to contain the spread of the disease. The need of the hour is to engage the general population, raise awareness, and develop policies to ensure disease surveillance. This should be accompanied by fostering collaboration among animal and human health departments for efficient communication and early intervention. The focus should be on medical research to find an efficacious treatment and prophylaxis for the CCHF virus, which will be the cornerstone of future CCHF prevention and control strategies.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Refugee Settlement during COVID-19 Pandemic, Uganda, April 2021.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was detected in 2 refugees living in a refugee settlement in Kikuube district, Uganda. Investigations revealed a CCHF IgG seroprevalence of 71.3% (37/52) in goats within the refugee settlement. This finding highlights the need for a multisectoral approach to controlling CCHF in humans and animals in Uganda.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Case Series: a Chronology of Biochemical and Hematological Parameters.

Introduction Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick-borne zoonotic disease. Sporadic outbreaks of CCHF occur in endemic regions, including Pakistan. The clinical spectrum of the illness varies from asymptomatic seroconversion to severe disease which may end in death. The treatment is supportive, including blood and blood products. There is multi-organ involvement in CCHF including acute hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, acute kidney injury (AKI), and encephalopathy. Hematological and biochemical parameters may identify patients at substantial risk of worse outcomes. Early detection of the disease and forecasting the clinical course may be helpful. This case series aims to evaluate the trends of hematological and biochemical parameters among the survivors and non-survivors of CCHF. Methods All consecutive patients aged 16 years and above admitted to the isolation unit of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan between 1st July and 30th July 2022 with the diagnosis of CCHF were included in this case series. The diagnosis of CCHF was made by detecting viral ribonucleic acid by a polymerase chain reaction. For all patients, age, gender, address, occupation, clinical presentation, history of contact with animals, and travel history were recorded.All the vitals were taken regularly. The hematological (complete blood count) and biochemical parameters (serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and C-reactive protein (CRP)) were documented daily.The blood group was determined for all the cases. Results Out of 17 cases, the majority (16 cases, 94.1%) were male and butchers (eight cases, 47.1%) by profession. All cases had significant contact with animals. Four patients (23.5%) died.Three out of the four non-survivors (75%) had ALT < 5 times the upper limit of normal with a static pattern of liver enzymes without much decline in ALT till death. One non-survivor (25%) had marked elevation of ALT at presentation, which had a declining trend till death. Seven out of 13 survivors (53.8%) had moderate to marked elevation in the level of ALT at presentation. The ALT showed a downward trend during the course of illness in all these patients. The remaining survivors (six out of 13, 46.2%) had a mild elevation of ALT and 50% of them showed improvement in the ALT level during hospitalization. All patients had thrombocytopenia at presentation. None of the non-survivors showed a persistent increase in the platelet count, and three cases remained severely thrombocytopenic at the time of death. However, the trend in platelet count among all the survivors was increasing. The CRP level in the majority (three out of four cases, 75%) of the non-survivors remained elevated till death, while all survivors showed a progressive decline in CRP level. A majority (11 out of 17 cases) had blood group B. Half of the non-survivors (two out of four cases) and the majority of the survivors (nine out of 13 cases) had blood group B. AKI was found in all non-survivors, while all the survivors had normal renal function throughout the course. Conclusion A persistently raised ALT and CRP level, a persistently low or decreasing platelet count, and AKI were associated with mortality. Blood group B was the commonest blood group among patients of CCHF, which is not reflective of the blood group distribution of the general population from which this case series has been reported.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in the North Region of Oman in August 2019: Case Series Study

Background Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic tickborne disease that has been linked to a high mortality rate in a number of nations. In Oman, the first case of CCHF was discovered in 1995. The Directorate of Disease Surveillance and Control received reports of four individuals with CCHF from various places in Northern Oman between August 17 and August 23, 2019 (during the Eid Adha festival). Objective The aim of this study was to identify CCHF patients, determine the source and mechanism of transmission, and recommend preventive measures to avoid further outbreaks. Methods We arranged for a field visit with teams from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Municipality on the same day of notice (August 23-17, 2019) in the region, and a case series study was undertaken using a semistructured questionnaire. Results The findings revealed that all of the patients were men (three were Omanis), ranging in age from 40 to 55 years. Three of the patients worked in slaughterhouses, and all patients had close contact with raw sheep tissues. Fever and gastrointestinal problems were the most common symptoms, with a case fatality rate of 25%. Late bleeding signs and coagulopathy were detected in the patient who died. Conclusions The causative agent was most likely CCHF virus, and the source of the outbreak was infected imported sheep through direct contact with contaminated biological tissues, based on symptoms, signs, lab tests, and the incubation period. All imported sheep must be tested and flagged at the main gates of the three ports in Oman’s north region.

A Review of Tick and Tick Control Strategies in Pakistan

Background: In Pakistan, ticks are a major problem for livestock and humans. These can spread a wide range of infections including protozoan, viruses, and bacteria such as spirochetes and rickettsiae. Ticks are found in all ecological and geographic zones of Pakistan. Bovine Babesiosis and Theileriosis have been documented in Pakistan. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease that affects those who work with cattle, like slaughterhouse workers, vets, and hospitals. There are at least 40 tick species, mostly Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus. In Pakistan, CCHF is spread by Hyalomma ticks, posing a severe risk to human health. Ticks are most prevalent in the summer (June–September) and goats rather than sheep in Pakistan. Tick-borne infections include Anaplasma, Babesia, and Theileria spp., more common in sheep than goats. In the previous sixteen years, occasional CCHF outbreaks have been documented in Pakistan, with a 24% fatality rate. Mass tick control efforts have been initiated in Punjab and Sind provinces to control tick populations and zoonotic disease spread. These tick control campaigns use a lot of Deltamethrin and Ivermectin. Deltamethrin and Ivermectin can harm the ecosystem and suggested alternate tick control approaches. Deltamethrin can damage the kidneys of insect-eating birds and disrupt the life cycle of aquatic organisms when mixed with stream water. This is because roughly 60%-80% of the whole dose is excreted by the animal and is not metabolized by the animal. Dung deterioration can be hampered by a reduction of dung beetles. Tick control methods have been used for decades worldwide. But only chemical technique is still practised in Pakistan. Each method's efficacy varies with tick number, dispersion, morphology, and host species. Results: The goal of the literature review was to discuss ticks and tick management measures used on domestic animals in Pakistan and offer new and successful techniques. This article reviews the most widely used tick management methods in Pakistan. According to studies, ticks and tick-borne diseases cause significant economic losses to livestock globally. Chemicals (acaricides) are overused to treat ticks on domestic and wild animals. Tickbots, bait boxes, vaccines, natural fauna, and bio-pesticides should be promoted and used to control ticks. Conclusion: The literature concluded that tick and tick-borne diseases are a significant cause of economic losses to the livestock throughout the globe. The chemicals (acaricides) are excessively applied against ticks on domestic and wild animals. Other new techniques like tickbot, bait boxes, the discovery of vaccines, natural fauna and biopesticides should be promoted and applied to control the ticks. These strategies will have an extreme outcome on reducing the tick population. Keywords: Ticks, Ectoparasites, Congo Haemorrhagic Fever, Wild animals, Integrated tick management, Pakistan

Large Outbreak of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Iraq, 2022

Large Outbreak of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Iraq, 2022